IAS 23 Borrowing costs
FAST FORWARD
IAS 23 Borrowing costs was revised in March 2007. Previously it gave a choice
of methods in dealing with borrowing costs i.e. capitalisation or expense. The
revised standard requires capitalisation when incurred in the CAP ( i.e. construction, acquisition
and production) of a qualifying assets.
Borrowing Costs: Interest and other costs incurred by an entity in
connection with the borrowing of funds.
Qualifying Asset: An asset that necessarily takes a substantial period
of time to get ready for its intended use or sale.
The standard lists what may be included in borrowing costs.
· Interest on bank overdrafts and short-term and long-term
borrowings
· Amortisation of discounts or premiums relating to
borrowings
· Amortisation of ancillary costs incurred in connection
with the arrangement of borrowings
· Finance charges in respect of finance leases recognised
in accordance with IAS 17
· Exchange differences arising from foreign currency
borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to interest
costs
Depending on the circumstances, any of the following may be
qualifying assets.
· Inventories
· Manufacturing plants
· Power generation facilities
· Intangible assets
· Investment properties
Financial assets and inventories that are manufactured, or
otherwise produced over a short period of time are not qualifying assets. Assets that are ready for their intended use or sale
when purchased are not qualifying assets.
Under the revised treatment, only borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying
asset can be capitalised as part of the cost of that asset.
Those borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition,
construction or production of a qualifying asset must be identified. These are
the borrowing costs that would have been avoided had
the expenditure on the qualifying asset not been made. This is obviously
straightforward where funds have been borrowed for the financing of one
particular asset.
Difficulties arise, however, where the entity uses a range of debt instruments to finance a wide range of assets, so that there is no
direct relationship between particular borrowings and a specific asset. For
example, all borrowings may be made centrally and then lent to different parts
of the group or entity. Judgement is therefore required, particularly where
further complications can arise (eg foreign currency loans).
Once the relevant borrowings are identified, which relate to a
specific asset, then the amount of borrowing costs available for capitalisation will be the actual borrowing costs incurred on those
borrowings during the period, less any investment income on the
temporary investment of those borrowings. It would not be unusual
for some or all of the funds to be invested before they are actually used on
the qualifying asset.
In a situation where borrowings are obtained generally, but are applied in part to obtaining a qualifying
asset, then the amount of borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation is found
by applying the 'capitalisation rate' to the expenditure on the asset.
The capitalisation rate is the weighted average of the borrowing costs
applicable to the entity's borrowings that are outstanding during the period, excluding borrowings made specifically to obtain a qualifying asset.
However, there is a cap on the amount of borrowing costs calculated in this
way: it must not exceed actual borrowing costs incurred.
Sometimes one overall weighted average can be calculated for a
group or entity, but in some situations it may be more appropriate to use a
weighted average for borrowing costs for individual parts of the group or entity.
Three events or transactions must be taking place for capitalisation of borrowing
costs to be started.
(a) Expenditure on the asset is being incurred
(b) Borrowing costs are being incurred
(c) Activities are in progress that are necessary to prepare the
asset for its intended use or sale
If active development is interrupted for any extended periods, capitalisation of borrowing costs should be suspended
for those periods. Suspension of capitalisation of borrowing costs is not
necessary for temporary delays or for periods when substantial technical or
administrative work is taking place (i.e. a delay that must occur in the
process).
Once substantially all the activities necessary to prepare the
qualifying asset for its intended use or sale are complete, then capitalisation
of borrowing costs should cease. This will normally be when physical
construction of the asset
is completed, although minor modifications may still be outstanding.
The asset may be completed in parts or stages,
where each part can be used while construction is still taking place on the
other parts. Capitalisation of borrowing costs should cease for each part as it
is completed. The example given by the standard is a business park consisting
of several buildings.
The following should be disclosed in the financial statements in
relation to borrowing costs.
(a) Amount of borrowing costs capitalised during the period
(b) Capitalisation rate used to determine the amount of
borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation
Question 1
On 1 January 20X6 Stremans Co borrowed $1.5m to finance the
production of two assets, both of which were expected to take a year to build.
Work started during 20X6. The loan facility was drawn down and incurred on 1
January 20X6, and was utilised as follows, with the remaining funds invested
temporarily.
Asset A Asset
B
$'000 $'000
1 January 20X6 250 500
1 July 20X6 250 500
The loan rate was 9% and Stremans Co can invest surplus funds at
7%.
Required
Ignoring compound interest, calculate the borrowing costs which
may be capitalised for each of the assets and consequently the cost of each
asset as at 31 December 20X6.
QUESTION 2
Acruni Co had the following loans in place at the beginning and
end of 20X6.
1 January 31
December
20X6 20X6
$m $m
10% Bank loan repayable 20X8 120 120
9.5% Bank loan repayable 20X9 80 80
8.9% debenture repayable 20X7 – 150
The 8.9% debenture was issued to fund the construction of a
qualifying asset (a piece of mining equipment), construction of which began on
1 July 20X6.
On 1 January 20X6, Acruni Co began construction of a qualifying
asset, a piece of machinery for a hydroelectric plant, using existing
borrowings. Expenditure drawn down for the construction was: $30m on 1 January
20X6, $20m on 1 October 20X6.
Required
Calculate the borrowing costs that can be capitalised.
Answer
Question 3
An entity already has a number of general loan arrangements:
Loan 1 of $800,000, interest paid at 9%;
Loan 2 of $2 million, interest paid at 8%; and
Loan 3 of $400,000, interest paid at 7.5%.
The entity has commissioned a new printing press to be constructed
on its behalf. The total cost will be $800,000 and the entity will be able to
fund the purchase from its existing borrowings since it has arranged for stage
payments to be made. The construction takes six months.
Required
Calculate the borrowing costs that can be capitalised and the
total cost of the printing press.
Question 4
An entity borrowed $5 million to fund the construction of a new
building. Interest is payable on the loan at 8%. Stage payments were due
throughout the construction period and therefore excess funds were reinvested
during that period. By the end of the project investment income of $150,000 had
been earned and the construction took twelve months to complete.
Required
Calculate the borrowing costs that can be capitalised and the
total cost of the building.
Question 5
The following events take place:
An entity buys some land on 1 December.
Planning permission is obtained on 31 January.
Payment for the land is deferred until 1 February.
The entity takes out a loan to cover the cost of the land and
the construction of the building commenced on 1 February.
Due to adverse weather conditions there is a delay in starting
the building work for six weeks and work does not commence until 15 March.
Required
What date should capitalisation of borrowing cost commenced?
Question 6
Concorde Inc. obtained a term loan during the year ended December
31, 2008, amounting to $650 million for modernization and development of its
factory. During the year, buildings costing $120 million were completed and
plant and machinery amounting to $350 million were installed.
A sum of $70 million has been given as a capital commitments
advance for assets, the installation of which is expected in the following
year. The amount of $110 million has been utilized for working capital
requirements.
Interest incurred on the loan of $650 million during the year
ended December 31, 2008, amounted to $58.5 million.
Required
How should the interest amount of $58.5 million be treated in the
financial statements of XYZ Inc.?
Question 7
Funto Construction has three sources of borrowings:
Average Loan Interest
Expenses
N N
7 Years Loan 8,000,000
800,000
10 Years Loan 10,000,000 900,000
Bank Overdraft 10,000,000 900,000
The 7 year loan has been specifically raised to fund the building
of a qualifying assets.
The company has incurred the following expenditure on a project
funded from general borrowings for the year 31st December 2014:
Date
Incurred Amount
N
31st
March 1,000,000
31st
July 1,200,000
30th
October 800,000
Required
Determine the weighted average and the amount that will be
capitalised.
Question 8
Lala Plc, a geared company has the following loan arrangements as
at 1st January 2011:
Average Loan
N
7%Loan notes 55,000,000
8% Loan notes 110,000,000
12% Debentures
85,000,000
10% Bank Loan 150,000,000
On the 1st of January 2011, the company commenced the
construction of a new office factory. The construction of the factory will cost
N100,000,000 and the company funded the construction with the existing
borrowings. The factory was completed on 31st August 2011 but was
not available for use until 1st December 2011 as a result of minor
modification. During the construction period, active work was interrupted and
the building construction was stopped for two months as a result of adverse
weather conditions.
Required
Calculate the borrowing cost to be capitalised and the cost of the
building to be recognised upon initial recognition.
FOR SOLUTIONS TO THE QUESTIONS VISIT:
http://crforicanstudents.blogspot.com.ng/
ALL THE BEST
ALL THE BEST
No comments:
Post a Comment